Phenological Description of Quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) and Its Relationship with Climatic Changes on the Transylvanian Plateau

Abstract

This study provides a phenological characterization of quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) in relation to the dynamics of key climatic factors over three consecutive growing seasons (2020–2022). Phenological observations were carried out under field conditions on two cultivated genotypes, using the standardized BBCH scale to record vegetative and reproductive developmental stages from winter dormancy to senescence. Climatic data, including air temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity, were analyzed to assess their influence on the timing and progression of phenophases. The results revealed marked interannual variability in the phenological calendar of quince, mainly driven by differences in thermal and hydric regimes. Favourable climatic conditions in 2020 and 2022 promoted an earlier onset of vegetative activity, a more compact flowering period, and more uniform fruit development and maturation. In contrast, cooler spring temperatures and episodic water deficits in 2021 delayed early phenophases, prolonged flowering, and resulted in less uniform fruit growth, followed by an accelerated onset of senescence. The BBCH scale proved to be a robust and reliable framework for standardized phenological assessment, enabling precise interannual comparisons and clear correlations between plant development and climatic drivers. These findings highlight the sensitivity of quince phenology to climate variability and emphasize the importance of continuous phenological monitoring to support adaptive orchard management under changing environmental conditions.